What are management techniques. Which ones are effective Research Paper

What are management techniques. Which ones are effective - Research Paper Example The Balanced Scorecard Technique is a performance-based technique that is structured in a way that enables a sequential check and evaluation of processes in order to determine the level of conformity with the expected outcomes (Armstrong 46). The popularity of the Balanced Scorecard has been witnessed largely in western countries. Studies have also found out a significant level of preference of this management tool in Scandinavian countries, the Middle East and Spain. Over the times, theorists and management experts have managed to develop related techniques and concepts of management basing on the structural foundation of the Balanced Scorecard. Some of the related techniques are Results Based Management and the Performance Prism technique. The fundamental feature in these techniques is the linking of all actions towards some specific outcomes. The balanced Scorecard operates through the creation of ‘target values’ that are used to measure the progress and specific outcomes of various processes within the organization. Essentially, the units of measurement are designed in ways that provide the most relevant information about the nature of performance of a given measure. Both financial and non-financial units of performance are assessed against these target values, which act as safeguards to the nature of performance (Armstrong 50). For instance, the volume of sales could be assigned to some specific target value so that all subsequent actions and results regarding the trends of sales are measured against this target value. On this score, it becomes necessary to consider the fact that other matters such as employee performance are regulated and observed through these values. Such measures could involve appraisal processes in which the performance of employees is measured against definite goals in order to deter mine the levels of progress in relation to certain

1980s Latin America Debt Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

1980s Latin America Debt Crisis - Essay Example Latin American countries followed a heavy reliance on debt finance. First, increases in foreign debt in these countries were higher than the revenues they had derived from their annual exports. In 1976, Mexico exported oil which paved the way for excess imports since cheap loans can be readily tapped. Brazil implemented a program of industrial expansion. Argentina and Chile established an overvalued exchange rate policy as an integral part of anti-inflationary strategy. Diverse government policies led these Latin American countries to defective exchange rate policies and excessive dependence on external capital flows.Another factor for the persistent debt problem was the fact that state enterprises became the conduit for absorbing external resources. The government guarantee provided for foreign denominated loans was attractive to external lenders who had no information on the real risk profile of the debtors. Public enterprises implemented programs of investment which guaranteed dir ect control over the foreign exchange proceeds to the national government. (Wesson, 9)In the years after 1983, these countries suffered from capital outflows and from the persistent slide in primary commodity prices. From 1983 up to 1986, Latin American terms of trade declined by 15 percent. Increased exports were negatively affected by falling prices. Countries. Argentina and Peru were especially hard hit. Mexico went into crisis due to falling oil prices in 1986.The lingering imbalance in the U.S. balance of payments contributed to the disadvantage of Latin America. The United States buys manufactured imports from Asian Countries (NICs) while shutting off capital flows from Latin American countries. Japanese and European surpluses were sent to the United States to get higher rates of investment. Economic growth in Latin America was supported by an import-substitution industrialization which protected the domestic industrial economy by means of high tariffs, import duties, and government subsidies. The initial arrangement benefited the economy but by the late 1960s, it was beginning to negatively affect agriculture which provides the needed foreign exchange. The industry had expensive domestic inputs that resulted in making major Mexican agricultural exports uncompetitive. Government policies which controlled domestic food prices also discouraged the increase of food production. As the population increased, consumption rose, reducing the amount of food available for export. It became necessary either to generate more resources to satisfy the demands of the population, or to control or decrease such demands without undermining the peace of the ruling party. By 1970, Lus Echeverra Alvarez, was elected president. He implemented the policy of stabilizing development. Stabilizing development is the economic strategy which emphasized growth over equity. The assumption had been that these resources would trickle down to the poor. The Echeverra administration opted for a strategy of shared development. This policy would emphasize equity and growth by policies that channel a greater share of economic gains to Mexico's lower classes. Echeverra encouraged more aggressive trade unions and he rued that foreign investors and domestic businessmen for exploiting the country. As conflict increased and confidence in the administration's policies declined, capital flight began. The government was forced to devalue the Mexican peso twice. Echeverra's anger and dismay led him to expropriate vast tracts of private agricultural land to give them to landless peasants. The president's attempt to spend his way into growth and equity had clearly failed by 1976, when Jos Lpez Portillo succeeded him. Portillo assumed a conciliatory approach in the face of problems. He then decided to secure foreign funding using the vast petroleum reserves of Mexico. Finally, commercial bankers were lining up to lend Mexico money in an attempt to reinvest billions of petrodollars that Arab governments had placed on

History and Comparison of American Musicals

History and Comparison of American Musicals Utopia is an ideal world state where everything which happens is perfect and there are no negative emotions like sadness, anger or jealousy to exist in it. The world is perfect and has every situation resolved in the most enjoyable manner possible. Consciously, or unconsciously, the human mind strives towards perfection to create an ideal world- a utopia for itself. But, in real life, this is not possible and this leads to a multitude of emotions like sadness, disappointment, anger, etc. which is the opposite of what a person in utopia should feel like. To bring back this sense of utopia even temporarily, humans started projecting the carefully constructed ideal world through entertainment such as theatre, films, musicals etc. In this essay, I will compare the films Singing in the Rain by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen and Meet Me in St. Louis by Vincette Minnelli as examples of classic American musicals against Moulin Rouge and Romeo + Juliet by Baz Luhrmann as examples of contemporary American musicals on the basis of whether they satisfy the idea of musicals being a form of escape into utopianism. First, I will use Rick Altmans The American Film Musical, which has laid out quite a few criteria for a standard American musical to analyse these films and ensure they satisfy those criteria. Also, I will focus on Utopianism by using Richard Dyer, in Only Entertainment. Two of the taken-for-granted descriptions of entertainment, as escape and as wish-fulfilment, point to its central thrust, namely utopianism. (Dyer, Chapter 3, Pg. 18) By using entertainment, humans are able to escape to the realm of utopia but this realm is not produced by using models of utopian worlds, rather it is brought forth with feelings and emotions. Dyer claims that, It thus works at the level of sensibility, by which I mean an affective code that is characteristic of, and largely specific to, a given mode of cultural production. This code uses both representational and non-representational signs. (Dyer, Chapter 3, Pg. 18) Using Dyers words, I will also try to analyse the representational and non-representational signs of the films mentioned before. Meet me in St. Louis is an American musical which was released in 1944 with a fairly simple storyline which focusses on an upper middle class family with their four daughters and a son. It is based in St. Louis, Missouri in the year leading up to the 1904 Worlds Fair and goes through the struggles this family faces and how they overcome them together. The American film musical is known to have a dual focus narrative. As Altman says, in The American Film Musical, Instead of focussing all its interest on a single central character, following the trajectory of her progress, the American film musical has a dual focus, built around parallel stars of opposite sex and radically divergent values. This dual-focus structure requires the viewer to be sensitive not so much to chronology and progression- for the outcome of the male/female match is entirely conventional and thus quite predictable- but to simultaneity and comparison. (Altman, Chapter II, Pg. 19) Altman also says, Whereas the traditional approach to narrative assumes that structure grows out of plot, the dual-focus structure of the American film musical derives from character (Altman, Chapter II, Pg. 21) In Meet Me in St. Louis, there is a dual focus narrative. The plot revolves around the entire family, focussing mostly on Esther and her relationship and the news of the familys sudden move to New York. By subjecting these narratives to simultaneity and comparison, we can see that they are interdependent as the narrative of the family moving away threatens the newly found relationships of Esther and her other family members- Esther and John, Rose and Warren, the parents with their kids. Also, this is putting Esthers love for her family and her boyfriend against each other. As for structure deriving from character, the film is structured in a way that the character Esther and her conquest for her love occupies the first part of the film and this is followed up by the sudden announcement of her familys move to New York by her father. This is done to ensure the entertainment factor is still present by creating mild tension, as the primary goal is achieved and the viewers shouldnt lose i nterest. Singing in the Rain also adheres to the principle of dual narrative as there are different narratives or paths for both the male and female protagonists. The film portrays the struggle of American film studios and their transition from the silent films to the talkies. The male protagonist, Don Lockwood (Gene Kelly), is a silent film actor with humble origins, who tries to survive and retain his place in the film industry during the transition. The female protagonist, Kathy Selden (Debbie Reynolds), is an aspiring stage actress who is used by Lina Lamont to be her voice backstage but she finally is given credit and her career flourishes. There are other side narratives which tie into the main narratives, the most noticeable one being the narrative of Lina Lamont, which serves the same purpose as the narrative of the family moving away to New York in Meet Me in St. Louis- to present a problem which when solved, strengthens the existing narratives, or give a neat conclusion to the narra tives. These two main narratives are intertwined simultaneously and highlights the contradictions between the already famous artist and the newly flourishing artist (Don Lockwood and Kathy Selden), fame and infamy (Don Lockwood and Lina Lamont), hate turned to love (in the case of Kathy Selden), etc. These contradictions are resolved by the main characters falling in love and this resolves or gives these characters the strength to resolve their conflicts. The structure is definitely derived from character, especially from Don Lockwood, whose narrative overshadows Kathy Seldens narrative. All the musical numbers focus on Lockwood and his emotions, or makes him the reason for the initiation of the song- as in the case of Cosmo Browns Make Em Laugh or the final musical number dubbed by Kathy Selden for Lina Lamont. Moulin Rouge! and Romeo + Juliet are both musicals directed by Baz Luhrmann and released in 2001 and 1996 respectively. they are both contemporary musicals and they follow the dual narrative path, focussing on the male and female protagonists and their narratives highlight the differences in their character such as freedom and confinement, love and money as in the case of Moulin Rouge! and love and hate, life and death as in the case of Romeo + Juliet. As for the structure of these two musicals- Moulin Rouge! focusses on Christians character as the musical starts and ends with him and he is the narrator of the events which unfold. Satines narrative is interwoven with Christians and her narrative is actually the cause for the beginning of Christians narrative, thereby forming a never-ending loop. In the case of Romeo + Juliet, it is a loose adaptation on the play by Shakespeare, using dialogues from the play itself. The narrative is driven by Romeos character but it is balanced out by Juliets narrative as well. All these four films can be classified as American film musicals albeit there are differences in the way utopia is portrayed by these films. The films Singing in the Rain and Meet Me in St. Louis bring about a utopia in terms of setting (representational) and feelings (non-representational) using various factors- one of them being the musical numbers. In Singing in the Rain, the world it has created is realistic as the film is based around the world of film and situated in the age of transition from silent films to talkies. The utopian element is brought forth by the numbers which provide another realm where the characters can be themselves and express their feelings without any complications. Dyer says, utopia is implicit in the world of the narrative and as well as in the world of numbers (Dyer, 1992). When a character breaks into song, as in the scene where Don Lockwood confesses his love to Kathy Selden (You were meant for me). Dyer says, We are moved by music, yet it has the least obvious reference to reality- the intensity of our response to it can only be accounted for by the way music, abstract, formal though it is, still embodies feeling. (Dyer, 1992). The confession scene is carefully constructed by Lockwood and narrated by him, which does make it seem realistic, unlike the other musical numbers, and this adds on to the intensity of feelings the song gives the audience. Intensity, according to Dyer, is the capacity of entertainment to present either complex or unpleasant feelings (e.g. involvement in personal or political events; jealousy, loss of love, defeat) in a way that makes them seem uncomplicated, direct and vivid, not qualified or ambiguous as day-to-day life makes them, and without imitations of self-deception and pretence. (Dyer, 1992) The orchestral non-diegetic music also adds on to the intensity as the two characters dance, with Lockwood encouraging Selden to dance with him and finally through the music, dance and lyrics, their mutual feelings for each other gets conveyed to each other. As the camera pans out at the end of the number, the utopian backdrop and the airy lights are accentuated, adding the final touches to the realistic utopia created by this number. Another scene charged with such feelings is Don Lockwoods Singing in the Rain, the title song. The realistic setting is done through the diegetic rain accompanying the entire song. The orchestral parts sometimes drown out the rains pitter-patter but it is still ever present in the background. The lively music and the dance of Lockwood transcends through to the audience and they are able to feel his emotions through this number. This utopian number comes to an end with the interruption of the police officer where Lockwood is brought back to the reality of his world. Meet Me in St. Louis also treats its musical numbers in a similar manner as escapes to utopia. But the setting is different, it is much less realistic than Singing in the Rain. It showcases a community where singing is common practice where everyone loves to sing or break into a musical number, which already makes it feel much more utopian than the other musical film. Altman says, The sequence of scenes is determined not out of plot necessity, but in response to a more fundamental need: the spectator must sense the eventual lovers as a couple even when they are not together, even before they have met. (Altman, 1987) This is true for Meet Me in St. Louis, as the musical number The Boy Next Door immediately puts both the protagonists together. As the film progresses, this utopian world created in the film is strengthened with feelings of love in the air, fun and mischief, and so on. Not much goes on with the main narrative of the film till Esthers father comes with the news which breaks their created utopia. Dyer says, In these films, the introduction of any real narrative concerns is usually considerably delayed and comes chiefly as a temporary threat to utopia- thus reversing the other two patterns, where the narrative predominates and the numbers function as temporary escapes from it. (Dyer, 1992) The musical numbers are light-hearted and chipper till the father announces his plans for the family. After the announcement, we have numbers such as You and I by the parents as a form of reconciliation- a place where mistakes are forgiven is created by the musical number (thereby reverting back to the original pattern of musical numbers providing escape), Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas by Esther as a consolation to Tootie- a place where hope is provided for the future, ensuring that everything will be alright. In these two films, the element of utopia is strong, one way or the other. It provides the so-called escape from reality, either through musical numbers as in the case of Singing in the Rain, or through narrative and numbers as in the case of Meet Me in St. Louis. But, like Dyer says, the idea of utopia through musicals and their numbers is applicable to these early American film musicals. The contemporary film musicals are a bit more complicated in that regard as the escape to utopia is not clearly defined. Moulin Rouge! is the film directed by Baz Luhrman, which is loosely based on the Greek myth of Orpheus. Its style and setting is highly fantastical, reinforcing the utopianism of the world. Pam Cook says, The heightened artificial world was projected as an illusion in which every detail was driven by the need to appear complete and plausible, but which audiences would perceive and enjoy as fiction (Cook, 2010) Just like how Christian saw the green fairy under the influence of absinthe, which later transmuted into a nightmarish hallucination that sucked Christian into the world of Moulin Rouge, though the setting and style is fantastical, the narrative of the film is not a utopian story. The main narrative focusses on Christian, a writer of the post 19th century suffering from depression.ÂÂ   Unlike other musicals which gives the audience a happy beginning and a happy ever after, the film starts with an ominous and melancholic tone, which confirms the female protagonists death early on in the film. This tragic revelation at the start hinders the utopian world the style and setting is trying to create.

Robert Frost Home Burial - A Reflection of Reality Essay -- Home Buri

Home Burial as a Reflection of Reality Robert Frost's "Home Burial" is a masterfully written work, conceived from his and his wife's anguish at the loss of their first-born son as well as from the estrangement between his sister-in-law and her husband due to the death of their child. In Donald J. Greiner's commentary on Frost's works, "The Indespensible Robert Frost," it is revealed that "Mrs. Frost could not ease her grief following Elliot's death, and Frost later reported that she knew then that the world was evil. Amy in "Home Burial" makes the same observati Often it seems that writers have their own personal inspiration that fuels a great work to cause its readers to realize the complexity of the human nature. Robert Frost's "Home Burial" is a masterfully written example of such works, conceived from his and his wife's anguish at the loss of their first-born son as well as from the estrangement between his sister-in-law and her husband due to the death of their child. In Donald J. Greiner's commentary on Frost's work s, "The Indespensible Robert Frost," it is revealed that "Mrs. Frost could not ease her grief following Elliot's death, and Frost later reported that she knew then that the world was evil. Amy in "Home Burial" makes the same observation". "Home Burial" illustrates the cause of the failing marriage as a breakdown of communication, both verbally and physically, between two people who adopt totally different views in the midst of crisis. Amy does not believe that her husband is in mourning over the death of their child. Her view can be defended by the fact that she is feeling unimaginable pain that she justly feels is unique to the nurturing nature of a mother. The child tha... ...eir ability to talk normally to eachother, but also because the physical side of their marriage is absent. Touch is a form of communication that the total absence of alone can destroy a loving union. Frost leaves the reader with a realistically portrayed image of their marital turmoil reaching a height as Amy opens the door, ready to walk out on the marriage. The melancholy conclusion to Frost's work ends up being the result of failed communication. "Home Burial" is unfortunately a reflection of the reality that many marriages fail in the event of a child's death. A lack of communication, both verbally and physically, tears apart two people even without a tragedy as profound as the one that Frost and his wife experienced. Frost's work is an expression of the more serious and traumatic side of nature and reveals the consequences of inevitable human flaws.

Force and Movie Batman Leaps

Superheroes have been around for a time now, since 1934 starting with Mandrake the Magician made by Lee Falk, and then came Superman made by Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel. But how do superheroes do what they do? They play mind tricks, can lift up incredible amounts of weight and do stuff no regular human can do. In this paper I’m writing you will see how superheroes violate Newton’s 3 laws of motion. First let’s talk about batman and the movie that just came out called the dark night rises.In this movie batman leaps from a building for 4 to 5 seconds before opening his wings neglecting significant air resistance (this affect Newton’s 3rd law). Scientists found out that all that force applied exert about 1600 pounds of force to his arms. Not even the worlds strongest man can lift that much!! Next we talk about spider-man and his trickery. In his the movie spider-man 3 is basically immortal, never dying person.For example In a climatic battle scene spider man fall 80 stories and survives without breaking a bone, concussion, or presumably any internal bleeding. Lets use Newton’s second law to calculate (Fnet=ma) how much force the ground exerts on spider-man upon impact. After calculation we see that the weight of that fall is 47 tons. Wow if that any one else they would have die. Lastly we talk about the science of star trek (Kirk’s magic fingers). In the trailer we see that James T.Kirk is driving a car which is going about 80 mph (36 m/s). the car seems to be about 30 meters from edge when it starts skidding through dirt and sand. Newton second law says Fnet = Ffriction = Â µmg = ma where the acceleration of the car is completely due to the friction force. M is the mass of the car, g is equal to the acceleration due to gravity (9. 8m/s2) , Â µ is the coefficient of sliding friction between sand and tires (0. 5 at most), and a is the acceleration of the car.Solving for a we get: a = Â µg = (0. 5)(9. 8m/s2) = 4. 9 m/s2I f we assume a relatively constant acceleration then a = (v2 – v02)/2x Where v0 = 36m/s, a = – 4. 9 m/s2 and x = 30 m. Solving for v we find that the car goes over the cliff at a speed v = 32 m/s. so we figure out that Kirk fingers can hold 877 pounds. Someone knows how to work their fingers. So now you see what happens behind the scenes . So the next you see a movie don’t believe you see.

Health Care Teams

1) Health Assisting -Health Care Team Health Care Team A health care team is all of the people who provide care and services to patients. Every employee at a health care facility is a member of a health care team. Some members of the team, such as nurses and therapists, work directly with patients. Other members, like billing officers and maintenance staff, have very little contact with patients. The health care team also includes a patient's family and caregivers. Each member of a health care team has an important role.All members of the team must work as a cohesive unit to provide the best possible health care to patients. Health Services Pathways There are many careers in health care. Each career is categorized into one of the following pathways, or areas: †¢Diagnostic Services – Careers in diagnostic services involve evaluating the health status of patients at a single point in time. Careers in diagnostic services include phlebotomists, electrocardiograph technicians, and medical laboratory technologists. †¢Therapeutic Services – Careers in therapeutic services involve improving the health status of patients over time.Careers in therapeutic services include medical assistants, nursing, and physicians. †¢Information Services – Careers in information services involve documenting patient care. Careers in information services include medical transcriptionists, medical records technicians, and medical librarians. †¢Support Services – Careers in support services involve creating an environment in which to provide patient care. Careers in support services include central supply workers, food services, and housekeeping. Team Member Roles The roles of health care workers within a single pathway vary widely.For instance, in therapeutic services, a registered nurse has more advanced education and different responsibilities than a nursing assistant. Below is a list of specific careers that have multiple levels of job titl es and job duties. †¢Medical †¢Nursing †¢Diagnostic †¢Therapeutic †¢Dietary †¢Health Information †¢Emergency Medical Services †¢Mental and Social Services †¢Mortuary Medical Team Members Medical careers focus on diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases and disorders. There are various members of health care teams who may perform medical services for patients. †¢Physicians diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases and disorders. Physician assistants and nurse practitioners do many of the tasks that physicians do, including prescribing medications. They refer patients with more complicated cases to physicians. Physician assistants work under physicians. However, nurse practitioners do not need to work under physicians, so they may be patients' primary health care providers. †¢Medical assistants work under physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners. They perform clinical tasks. Nursing Team Members Nursing careers u sually make up the largest group of employees at a health care facility.These employees provide personal care to patients. The care includes all areas of a patient's well-being, including the physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual health. †¢Registered nurses (RNs) work under physicians. They are responsible for all of the care a patient receives and perform a variety of technical procedures. †¢Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) work under RNs or physicians. They perform nursing procedures that require specialized training, but state and facility regulations may limit the types of procedures that LPNs and LVNs can do. Nurse assistants work under LPNs/LVNs or RNs. They provide daily care to patients, such as bathing, feeding, and assisting with ambulation. Diagnostic Team Members Diagnostic careers involve evaluating the health status of patients at a single point in time. There are a variety of diagnostic careers, including: à ¢â‚¬ ¢Medical laboratory technologists (MTs), who work under physicians called pathologists. They perform complex tests on specimens from a patient. †¢Medical laboratory technicians (MLTs), who work under medical laboratory technologists or pathologists.They perform routine tests that do not require advanced training. †¢Medical laboratory assistants, who work under medical laboratory technicians, technologists, or pathologists. They perform basic tests, prepare specimens for testing, and maintain equipment. †¢Phlebotomists collect blood from patients and prepare it for testing. †¢Electrocardiograph technicians operate electrocardiogram (ECG) machines that record electrical impulses from the heart. †¢Radiologic technologists work under physicians called radiologists. They take X-rays, operate ultrasound equipment and magnetic resonance imaging devices.Therapeutic Team Members Therapeutic careers involve improving the health status of patients over time. †¢Audiologists diagnose and treat patients with hearing and balance problems. †¢Speech-language pathologists diagnose and treat patients with speech, language, and swallowing problems. †¢Physical therapists improve the mobility of patients following injuries and illnesses. Physical therapy assistants work under physical therapists. They help carry out treatments. †¢Occupational therapists help patients with physical, mental, and emotional problems to correct or adjust to their problems.They use activities to assist patients in daily living and job skills. Occupational therapy assistants work under occupational therapists. They help carry out treatments. †¢Recreational therapists develop leisure activities for patients in health care facilities. Recreational therapy assistants work under recreational therapists. They help with and may arrange activities. Therapeutic Team Members (continued) †¢Respiratory therapists work under physicians. They treat patients w ith breathing problems and test respiratory function. Respiratory therapy technicians work under respiratory therapists.They perform basic treatments and tests. †¢Pharmacists dispense prescribed medications, check for interactions with other medications being taken, and provide patient education. Pharmacy technicians work under pharmacists. They help prepare medications, maintain records, and order supplies. Dietary Team Members Dietary careers involve encouraging the proper nutrition of patients. †¢Registered dieticians (RDs) assess patients' nutritional needs. They plan menus and teach patients about good nutrition and therapeutic diets. †¢Dietetic technicians (DTs) work under registered dieticians.They help plan menus and educate patients. †¢Dietetic assistants work under dietitians. They help prepare food, assist patients in selecting foods, and keep the service area clean. Health Information Team Members Health information careers involve admitting patients, maintaining medical records, and handling billing. Workers in these careers must be able to use computers and a variety of software. †¢Medical record administrators (RAs) manage and organize the medical record system of the facility. They also compile reports for local, state, and federal agencies. Medical records technicians work under administrators. They organize and gather patient information. †¢Medical assistants often specialize in health information and work under physicians and administrative managers to perform clerical and accounting duties. †¢Medical transcriptionists type an electronic copy of information that has been dictated on an audiotape. Emergency Medical Service Team Members Emergency medical service (EMS) provides expert care for patients in a critical medical situation. The service is typically available by dialing 911.Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) provide immediate care to victims of critical injuries and illnesses and transport victims to hospitals. There are several levels of EMTs, which are based on the amount of training and the type of certification. Social and Mental Health Team Members The goal of social and mental health team members is to help patients with mental, emotional, or developmental problems function at their full potential. †¢Social workers help patients who are having problems coping with a life situation. They counsel patients and refer patients to support services. Psychiatrists are physicians who specialize in diagnosing and treating mental illnesses. †¢Psychologists help patients deal with life situations. They have a background in psychology and usually specialize in a specific area, such as child psychology. †¢Psychiatric technicians work under psychiatrists or psychologists. They help patients carry out treatments and provide emotional support. Support Services Team Members Support services include careers that involve creating an ideal environment in which to provide pati ent care. †¢Health care administrators are responsible for managing health care facilities.They supervise department heads, set guidelines, and develop the financial plan of the facility. †¢Housekeeping performs basic sanitation duties. They may also be responsible for bed-making. †¢Central supply workers are responsible for ordering and maintaining facility supplies. They sterilize medical instruments and make sure that equipment in the facility is operating correctly. Mortuary Team Members Mortuary careers involve the preparation and presentation of a deceased patient. †¢Funeral directors discuss the family's wishes for the body, ceremony, and burial or cremation. They also file legal papers related to the death. Embalmers are responsible for preparing the body for burial. Additionally, they must maintain lists of clothing and valuables. †¢ Mortuary assistants work under the funeral director or embalmer. They assist with preparing the body, arranging cerem onies, and filing records. * Includes careers that involves improving the health status of patients over time. Therapeutic Service * Include careers that involve creating an environment in which to provide patient care. Support Service * Include careers that focus on diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases and disorders.Medical Service * Provide expert care for serious emergencies and are typically available by dialing 911. Emergency Medical Service * Include careers in which health care workers perform nursing procedures and provide personal care to patients. Nursing Service * Include careers that involve documenting patient care. Health Information Service * Include careers that involve evaluating the health status of patients at a single point in time. Diagnostic Service Interdependence of Team Members All members of the health care team are dependent on each other.This means that if one worker does not fulfill the required duties, the entire team is hindered. Patients do n ot receive the quality care that they deserve when the team does not function properly. This connection among all areas and levels of workers is called interdependence. Imagine what might happen if a medical assistant at a medical office stopped answering the telephone. Patients would not be able to make appointments, and the team would not be able to perform its duties. Or imagine what could happen if the housekeeping department stopped cleaning. Many patients would feel uncomfortable receiving treatment in a dirty facility.In addition, patients and health care workers would be at risk of getting infections. Lines of Authority Each health care worker is an important member of the health care team. Within the health care team, though, there are lines of authority. Lines of authority determine workers' positions within the team's structure. Members of the health care team must understand their positions. Lines of authority also establish levels of supervision. Members of the health c are team must report to their immediate supervisor. This includes when getting information on job tasks and when there are problems.Question # 1 Every health care worker is a member of a health care ____. Correct Answer(s): team, teams Question # 2 What do medical careers focus on? Diagnosing diseases and disorders Treating diseases and disorders Preventing diseases and disorders -All of the above Question # 3 What type(s) of responsibilities do health care workers in nursing services have? Performing nursing procedures Providing personal care to patients -All of the above Question # 4 Nurse assistants are able to do all of the procedures that registered nurses (RNs) can do. True -False Question # 5Diagnostic services include careers that involve evaluating the health status of patients at a single point in time. -True False Question # 6 Who is a member of a health care team who provides therapeutic services to patients? Nurse assistant Medical laboratory assistant -Physical therapy assistant Physician assistant All of the above Question # 7 What type of services include careers that involve documenting patient care? Nursing Therapeutic Diagnostic Medical -Information Question # 8 Medical assistants in information services may perform reception, clerical, and accounting tasks. – True False Question # 9What responsibilities do emergency medical technicians have? Provide immediate care to victims of critical injuries and illnesses Transport victims to hospitals -All of the above Question # 10 What is the connection among all areas and levels of health care workers called? -Interdependence Independence Dependence Question # 11 What is one purpose of the line of authority? -To define health care workers' positions within the team To verify salary rates To determine the importance of a health care worker Question # 12 Members of a team should report to the highest level of authority when there is a problem. True -False